By precluding Michigan's universities from considering the race of their applicants, a policy the Supreme Court upheld in Grutter v Bollinger in 2003, the voters had edged minorities out of the political process and prevented them from lobbying for the benefits of racial diversity in the student bodies of Michigan's public universities.
While a number of selective colleges and universities have long been presumed to demand minimum scores of their applicants, the policy is seldom articulated, and appears to violate guidelines by the tests' makers that discourage using the scores alone as a predictor of college success.
Hoping to cut down on the number of funding proposals that go through peer-review, the United Kingdom's main provider of research funding in engineering and physical sciences will ban submissions from "repeatedly unsuccessful applicants," a policy change that could exclude about 5% of its previous grant applicants.
These features include the states' policies regarding work by applicants and recipients, policies to divert applicants from welfare, and rules designed to change individuals' behavior regarding childbearing, childrearing, and marriage.
Additionally, applicants should indicate policy areas that are of interest.
At the moment, there is little sign of that happening.Some of their presidential applicants have criticised policy in Iraq unapologetically, notably Mr Dean.
The University of Pennsylvania made waves this year when the online publication Inside Higher Ed reported on the university's new outreach policy: applicants whose essay identifies them as gay are put in touch with gay students and organizations on campus.
In keeping with University policy, applicants whose first language is not English must submit TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) scores from a test taken within the last 18 months.
Under the new policy, applicants will still be allowed one opportunity to address reviewer criticisms when their proposal is rejected.
Under the NIH policy, applicants will have to provide program officers with documentation certifying they have completed training.
