The PR-based LIG, which was produced with smart and inexpensive 405 nm semiconductor lasers under ambient conditions, possesses several interesting properties, e.g., 3D porous structures, low resistance (∼44 Ω/sq), good mechanical property and a wide range of applicable substrates, e.g., polymer films, glass slides, metal foils, ceramic plates and plant leaves.
It should be noted that the FSP method used is not applicable to substrates lacking fibre cell wall morphology, such as the NCC-OPHS-ND substrate.
Trifluoroacetic metalorganic (TFA-MOD) method is a promising low cost technique for large-scale production of YBCO films, because it does not need high vacuum device and is easily applicable to substrates of various shape and size.
With this approach, phosphorylation at a proximal residue can dramatically increase the affinity of Sox for Mg2+, resulting in fluorescence increase, a method applicable for substrates for all kinases.
This by-product is potentially applicable as a substrate in MFCs because of its high organic matter content.
The synthesis is facile, scalable, tunable and applicable to various substrate materials, and thus represents a powerful tool for the direct modification of surfaces with anisotropic nanostructures.
However, these techniques are only applicable to limited substrate sizes and require high process temperatures, which are prohibitive for many practical applications.
This resistance sensitivity to strain makes the cracked Ti film on PDMS substrate applicable to a strain sensor that can operate in the high- and broad-strain range.
A two-state variable growth model is constructed, with structure and substrate, applicable on plant to ecosystem scales.
The use of a photocatalytic lithographic process means that the approach is applicable to any substrate coated with an organic film.
