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A low applicability concern indicates better quality compared to high or unclear applicability concern.
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Fig. 2 Risk of bias and applicability concerns.
Table 2 Risk of bias as assessed with the Quadas-2 tool Study Risk of bias Applicability concerns Patient selection Index test Reference standard Flow and timing Patient selection Index test Reference standard Chouker, [20] + ?
Applicability concerns were low.
There were low applicability concerns.
All studies had a low risk for applicability concerns (patient selection, index test and reference standard).
All studies were in intensive care, with either a high risk of selection bias or high applicability concerns.
Included studies were assessed independently by two reviewers for risk of methodological bias and applicability concerns against criteria from the QUADAS-2 tool.
bA description of the QUADAS-2 criteria for risk of bias and applicability concerns [ 6] is given in the data collection tool (available as Additional file 2).
However, applicability concerns of the chosen reference tests are low.> -wrap-foot> -, low risk; +, high risk; ?, unclear risk; NA, not applicable.
According to the QUADAS-2 assessment, several studies were identified as having a risk of bias and/or clinical applicability concerns.
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