The power system includes rapidly changing high-frequency loads such as thermostatically controlled appliances and low-frequency loads such general lighting.
Each DR appliance for the frequency control mainly consists of two parts [1]: the electrical appliance and the controller.
Though a single DR appliance contributes very little to the system frequency, numerous DR appliances can have a great impact on the system frequency [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
Networked wireless appliances, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and wireless sensors, are expected to greatly outnumber PCs.
In addition to radio and television, these sources also include mobile phones (high-frequency fields) and electrical appliances in the home (low-frequency fields).
Tchuisseu, E. B., Gomila, D., Brunner, D. & Colet, P. Effects of dynamic-demand-control appliances on the power grid frequency.
By properly managing the power consumption of large amount of DR appliances, the DR's aggregate frequency response characteristic can be similar to the conventional thermal generators (shown in Fig. 2) [2, 3].
In the control group, bolus granulometry and chewing time increased with appliance wear while mean chewing frequency decreased.
The options of the appliance were adjusted to very low frequency (33 Hz) and very low intensity (50 Gauss), for 30 minutes, according to the manual of installation.
However, if we manage the frequency threshold of each DR appliance properly, the aggregate DR can provide a smooth frequency response characteristic which is shown in Fig. 2.
Crucial in the Telecosm, however, will be high-frequency analog devices linking digital appliances to the real world of sounds and pressures, images and movements, and user-interface inputs.
