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In contrast, when the input is fixed to the apparent input data prior, parameter estimation leads to biased parameter estimates.
As observed in the presence of TTX, we found that overall there were no significant changes in the apparent input resistance of these FSIs in the presence of serotonin.
Once whole cell configuration was established, a series of current steps were applied (−200 to 200 pA, 40 pA steps, 800 ms duration) to characterize the intrinsic membrane properties of the cell, such as resting membrane potential, apparent input resistance, and action potential characteristics.
The leak conductance was defined as having a reversal potential of −65 mV, and the absolute conductance value was adjusted in each neuron in order to reach an apparent input resistance of 1600 MOhm corresponding to the input resistance measured in P2 P3 neurons.
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This apparent input-specificity was not due to the complete absence of a functional synaptic input, as astrocytes that showed synaptically elicited [Ca2+]i transients to only one of the afferent inputs responded with inward currents to stimulation of both pathways (Fig. 2C).
Its Volterra transfer functions are then identified which are found to be close to their exact analytical counterparts, though interaction between kernels becomes apparent as input level increases.
In 4/4 cases in which a depolarization was observed, no significant changes in the apparent cell input resistance were observed during serotonin application (as shown in the example of Fig. 1C).
This is particularly apparent when the input is relatively meaningless; the newly encoded memory comes to resemble those previously established (i.e., it accrues meaning).
The effects of whipper speed, flow rate, type of protein, temperature and whipper geometry on foamability, foam stability, power input, apparent viscosity index and bubble size distribution of foams were investigated.
Although treatment was associated with virtually no side effects, there has been no apparent benefit and input to the trial has now stopped.
The higher motoneuron excitability was associated with an apparent increase in input resistance (55.6 ± 5.4 MΩ for control vs 62.9 ± 7.2 MΩ during Bk; p = 0.004, Wilcoxon paired test, n = 10 cells; Table 1) as seen by the increased slope of the voltage responses to hyperpolarizing pulses.
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