Sentence examples for apparent confounding from inspiring English sources

In the complete cohort of all workers there is no apparent confounding from current smoking in the case-control study.

Similarly, the higher odds of emergency presentation in women were substantially attenuated after case-mix adjustment; in contrast, there was little apparent confounding of deprivation differences in risk of emergency presentation by other variables (Table 1).

This involves considerations regarding the apparent shape and size distribution of the materials and complexity of the aggregates, the relative amount of contrast present, and apparent confounding issues such as the presence of residual dispersant films or sampling bias as determined by an initial SEM/TEM/AFM screen and complementary alternate analysis.

Because of the apparent confounding effect of smoking, we further investigated gene expression in non-smokers (i.e., never and former smokers only), changing the size of the total population to 319 individuals.

The apparent residual confounding may partly reflect genetic susceptibility to both autism and the underlying disorder indicating treatment.

The increased risk in the unadjusted analyses disappeared when we adjusted for the apparent strong confounding of influenza-like illness/upper respiratory tract infections and seasonal influenza vaccination.

It may be that the suggestive but nonsignificant interaction in our study of BMI and dense patterns is real and does go some way to explaining the similarity of adjusted and unadjusted effects, despite the apparent negative confounding.

These include such factors as: (i) Adjustments for smoking may produce an apparent "negative confounding" effect that biases E-R trends because current smoking was not associated with DE exposure, and therefore was not a confounder (Silverman et al., 2012 ; Attfield et al., 2012 ).

However, it is possible that these relationships are only apparent due to confounding factors.

In this instance, the estimated and observed apparent effects of confounding (presumably mostly from smoking) appear similar.

3– 6, 17 It is concluded that if coexisting COPD continues to be ignored in lung cancer association studies, 26– 28 then this apparent modifier or confounding effect from COPD will likely go unrecognized.