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There was documented association, biologic plausibility, and apparent causality in specifically sensitized individuals.
As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible.
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The recognition of ADEs by medical teams was substantial for those ADEs with evident causality and with clinically apparent and severe consequences.
Despite the publication bias reported, a consistent cancer risk reduction was apparent, supporting the causality of this association.
Regardless of causality, the apparent clustering of common traits within residential neighbourhoods suggests that in shared public spaces, too, we might identify dominant urges and goals to which the city can respond.
But he was driven to the apparent absurdity of denying causality by his desperation to solve the problem that Descartes couldn't: How can immaterial mind affect material bodies, and vice versa?
Since association does not imply causality this apparent disagreement is, in fact, expected.
15 This cross-sectional study cannot attribute causality to apparent risk factors.
Further propositions for engaging interaction are causality of dialogue, apparent intelligence of the program and hiding the delivery medium.
However, under closer scrutiny, it becomes apparent that the principle of causality is often only the first approximation to the true situation, and that a more realistic model would include some of the past states of the system.
Residual confounding or reverse causality might explain an apparent short-term increase of complications or increased mortality.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com