Overall, our research suggests that unlike other works on Ips spp. in the western USA that promote the desiccation of slash to minimize colonization and brood production, I. perturbatus appears regulated by the apparency and accessibility of host material.
This is also related to the plant apparency hypothesis, which states that a plant will invest heavily in broadly effective defenses when the plant is easily found by herbivores.
We made an effort to control for the possible confounding effects of spatial heterogeneity, apparency, and phenology.
For example, while advertisement traits increase the apparency of flowers to pollinators, raising fitness, they may also increase the apparency to enemies such as nectar robbers, florivores and seed predators, lowering fitness.
An overwhelming majority of host shifts occurred while feeding on trees, giving support for Feeny's "plant apparency" hypothesis.
Overall, these data indicate that TPS10 expression may have altered the relative attractiveness or apparency of TPS10 plants, with results depending strongly on plants' neighbors.
The defense responses include indirect defenses, which like the pollinator interaction involve changing the apparency of the plant, albeit to predators of the herbivores.
In the experiments presented in this manuscript, plants were always reduced to the same number of flowers, so that all replicates would have the same visual "floral apparency".
The non significant linear correlation between browsing and impact at Whiteman Park may have been due to mixed diet factors and plant apparency [ 35].
Flower number of all plants was reduced to five newly opening flowers every afternoon so as to standardize the apparency of each plant's inflorescence to the moths.
This may be because TPS10 volatile emission makes plants more apparent to herbivores like T. mucorea as well as beneficial insects like Geocoris spp., and if plants are otherwise poorly defended, greater apparency may be dangerous (Feeny, 1976).
