"How do we keep adding and adding and adding voters while not subtracting any voters," he said.
The last may be assessed by calculating the amount of bicarbonate filtered (i.e., plasma concentration of bicarbonate × glomerular filtration rate and subtracting any bicarbonate excreted in the urine).
The short version: Facebook is changing the way it's counting likes, subtracting any accounts that have been either manually deactivated or "memorialized" after its owner passed.
ASP+ mean fluorescence intensities (MFI) were determined pre- and post-FACS (Beckman Coulter MoFlo-XDP) using areas under the curve and subtracting any non-specific signal from non-transduced SupT1 (SupT1/NT) cell populations.
These LLRs, after subtracting any a priori knowledge available from previous iterations, give rise to the extrinsic information ℒ 1 E 1, ⋯, ℒ N s E 1, which after suitable de-interleaving and spatial de-parsing, results in the input stream to the maximum a posteriori (MAP) decoder ( ℒ 1 A 2 ).
The SIV- and HSV-2-specific IFN-γ responses were calculated subtracting any background responses to the respective no-virus MV controls.
This is an approximate figure: it includes new ART patients without subtracting any who died after they were seen in the sero-survey, but misses those who were on ART but did not report this.
Comparable levels of SIV-specific T cell responses (normalized by subtracting any background in response to MVs) were detected in the blood of the three treatment groups, by IFN-γ ELISPOT (Fig. 2A) and ICS for TNFα, IFNγ, and IL-2 after discontinuing ART (Fig. 2B).
Reductions in H2O2 concentration from an initial 50 μM were calculated from the reduction in the absorbance signal after subtracting any inherent signal associated with the antioxidant.
This procedure has been shown to allow taste effects to be demonstrated clearly with fMRI, using the procedure of subtracting any activations produced by the tasteless control from those produced by a taste or other stimulus (21 24).
