The theory suggests that a physical trace (in the form of temporarily excited nerve cells) of an original stimulus remains in the brain even after that stimulus stops and that this trace influences the estimate or appreciation of a subsequent stimulus.
A pure pheromone stimulus following a mixed compound/pheromone stimulus was generally not affected, with two exceptions: one compound enhanced and another inhibited a subsequent stimulus.
Thus, in a paradigm where no information predicted timing, modality or properties of a subsequent stimulus, our results dissociate alertness, both anatomically and functionally, from attention and establish the central role of the cingulo-opercular network for sustaining alertness.
After the first trial, target and mask duration were variable, with target duration ranging from 20 to 90 ms. The sum of target and mask duration was always 100 ms, thereby keeping the interval between the onset of a target and the onset of a subsequent stimulus constant.
We constrained the electrical stimulation so that at least 1 s was allowed before a subsequent stimulus pulse was delivered.
This binding of subjective action time by a subsequent stimulus depends on learning the underlying contingency (Moore, Lagnado, Deal, & Haggard, 2009; Walsh & Haggard, 2013).
In the classic cueing paradigm a salient cue is presented to attract attention, and perceptual performance is assessed for a subsequent stimulus presented either at the cued location or at an uncued location.
Previous evidence of retrospective temporal binding comes predominantly from studies that compare subjective action time in the presence and absence of a subsequent stimulus, i.e., two conditions that differ substantially in bottom-up drive (Moore & Haggard, 2008).
This would be similar to the effects of backwards masking on conscious perception (Werner, 1935), and would not track changes in the time relation of an action and a subsequent stimulus.
Altering the neutrophil from a 'resting' state to a 'primed' state does not activate the respiratory burst directly but will potentiate the neutrophil response to a subsequent stimulus [ 77].
