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Similarly, Markov models of price changes are very general, embracing random walk, rational expectations, autoregressive, and "any stochastic model in which the price is conditional on previous prices" (Taylor 1984).
Suppose that X1, X2,… is any stochastic process and, for each n = 0, 1,…, fn = fn X1,…, Xn) is a (Borel-measurable) function of the indicated observations.
My most techy paper (and also one of the most successful), on target zones (pdf and very, very wonkish) began with pictures; I didn't know any stochastic calculus, and picked up the little I needed after I had already figured out the paper's main results.
The CICT can be applied to any stochastic evacuation model to determine parameter convergence.
Although technically any stochastic optimization technique can be utilized, presently this method utilizes the SA technique as its optimization engine.
Two often desirable properties of any stochastic simulation model for small-scale multipath radio channels are stationarity and ergodicity.
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That is to say, its expectation and variance both exist for any bounded stochastic variable.
It is vulnerable to any future stochastic landscape disturbance events, such as forest fires or severe droughts, and therefore its conservation status is 'Near Threatened'.
A solution x to (3.1) is unique, if (D_{0}[x t,omega), hat{x} t,omega)] stackrel{mathbb{P}.1} 0) for any fuzzy stochastic process (hat{x}: [t_{0},t_{0}+p]timesOmegato E^{d}) that is a solution to (3.1).
Nevertheless the restriction of this species to just two known populations on Mount Tambuyukon and Mount Kinabalu respectively, and the inherent small total number of individuals means that this species is vulnerable to any future stochastic events, such as forest fires or severe droughts that could ultimately lead to the extinction of this rare taxon.
For the modulator to replicate the dynamics with nonvacuum state Ξ, the derivative frac{d}{dt} langlepsi_{0}otimesXi|U ( t ) ^{ast }X ( t ) U ( t ) |psi_{0}otimesXi rangle must equal the corresponding expression (14) for any quantum stochastic integral process (X t)) on the Hilbert space (mathfrak{h}_{G} otimesmathfrak{F}).
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