The person performing the action is known as the primary actor or A1; the person demanding the action is a secondary actor or A2 (after Martin [1992], Martin and Rose [2007], following Berry [1981]).
He himself lacked great ambition, but it does not seem to have impeded his career as a first-rate, if usually secondary, actor.
The role performing the action is the primary actor (A1), and the secondary actor (A2) may demand or be offered the action.
Both are intentional torts for which liability turns on whether an actor in some fashion chose to participate in another actor's breach of duty, as well as whether the secondary actor acted with knowledge of the primary actor's duty and made a causally significant contribution to the breach.
Litigation under 10b-5 thus requires secondary actors to expend large sums even for pretrial defense and the negotiation of settlements.
What kind of relations could small states and secondary actors establish with each other during the Cold War?
If there are noises, bluff, false information by secondary actors that is just life in these matters.
The absence of § 10(b) aiding and abetting liability does not mean that secondary actors in the securities markets are always free from liability under the securities Acts.
Yet time after time plaintiffs managed to persuade lower courts, especially in "dirty" cases, to allow claims to proceed against secondary actors.
William P. Simmons, Liability of Secondary Actors under the Alien Tort Statute: Aiding and Abetting and Acquiescence to Torture in the Context of the Femicides of Ciudad Jua'rez, 10 Yale Hum.
The secondary actors, though, don't fare as well, and Mr. Simpson aggravates the weaknesses by saddling Mr. Guy and Erin Roth, who plays several female characters, with distractingly bad accents.
