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During winter, competition should be significantly lower than during spring and summer as few, if any, pollinators are active.
This would be of advantage to species that flower at colder times of the year, or grow in colder environments [13], [25], [29], where providing heat not only provides an increase in the rewards offered to attract pollinators, but also may be essential to maintain the presence of any pollinators within the environment.
It remains unclear in this species whether autogamy is delayed selfing or whether there are any pollinators.
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Since these analyses were performed after controlling for local pollinator abundance and diversity (see Methods), we can conclude that network architecture itself had a direct effect on population performance independently on any pollinator-mediated effect.
Pollinator surveys showed that oilseed rape flowers are visited by a more diverse pollinator community than field beans and there was no significant difference in visitation rates between any pollinator taxa.
The impact of any pollinator management would be context dependent and moderated by many external factors associated with individual orchards, including local landscapes and agricultural management practices.
To maximise cost benefit of any pollinator management strategy, the value of pollinator diversity to crop production, through both synergistic effects and buffering of landscape and environmental change, needs to be understood.
Although flowers of intermediate morphology and fragrance may not be well adapted to any existing pollinator, it is not always the case, particularly if there are highly specific interactions between plant and pollinator.
Pollinator week — coming right up on June 20 — celebrates all pollinators.
Any decline of these pollinators is therefore of great concern for ecosystem functioning.
Unlike many other plant species, they do not produce nectar or any other reward for pollinators and so do not waste energy to attract pollinators.
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