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The take-home message for readers should be not to expect certainty from any individual study, observational or randomized.
The present meta-analysis was conducted in order to overcome the limitations of any individual study and to provide a more precise overall effect estimate.
Outcomes from a meta-analysis may include a more precise estimate of the effect of treatment or risk factor for disease, or other outcomes, than any individual study contributing to the pooled analysis.
With the many errors and biases that can blight any individual study, replication by others can ensure that the original findings are robust and can also provide a more accurate estimate of the likely effect size[39], [40].
From our recent experience with an internal repository of 1,426 tumors spanning 11 tumor types of mixed karyotypic and genetic complexity, a median of ∼4% of tumor samples in any individual study were excluded by this step (unpublished work).
However, statistical significance was not reached in any individual study.
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The positive association was not materially changed upon the exclusions, with a pooled OR range from 1.75 (95% CI, 1.47 to 2.07; P = 0.001) to 1.87 95% CI, 1.58 to 2.20; P = 0.001), which indicates that the overall result was not significantly influenced by any individual studies.
The number and percentage of transcripts detected by any individual-study analysis and sample-level meta-analysis is equal to or higher than the number of transcripts detected by the same individual-study analysis and study-level meta-analysis (Table 1).
Looking at any one individual study won't be very revealing to answer the question of whether vitamin supplementation is good for you.
Estimates of intervention effects can then be obtained, including effects between treatments not directly compared within any one individual study [ 19].
With combined gene expression profile summaries across 12 studies and 6 platforms, there is greater confidence in scientific findings such as biomarkers for disease, biological functional roles, and regulated pathways, as compared to results obtained from any one individual study.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com