We examined exposure to specific antimicrobial classes or agents (aminoglycosides, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors, cephalosporins, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, penicillins, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and intravenous vancomycin), the total number of different antimicrobial agents received, and the timing of antimicrobial use in relation to the diagnosis or index dates.
Likewise, meaningful analysis of antimicrobial resistance in relation to geographic origin or to serotype was not possible.
In addition, it will generate insights into the side-effects of antimicrobial treatment in relation to its duration.
To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of differential maternal investment in egg antimicrobial defense in relation to male attractiveness.
A particular focus is placed on a detailed analysis of diagnostic delays as well as type and length of antimicrobial treatment in relation to outcome.
The aim of our study was to describe the current management of UTI in general practice including the evaluation of appropriateness of the antimicrobial treatment in relation to the laboratory results.
Although this review did not directly consider antimicrobial resistance in relation to prescribing for the included studies, evidence shows that over the counter or non-prescription use results in unnecessary and excessive use of antibiotics.
Perhaps a strong evolutionary constraint prevents females from optimally adjusting the deposition of antimicrobial proteins in relation to laying order, or perhaps there is little risk of infection by microbes in the temperate environment experienced by tits prior to the onset of full incubation to select for differential allocation.
The database can be used to evaluate the effects of changes in burn treatment, staffing and design of burn units, and antimicrobial resistance development in relation to antibiotic usage.
Although this study did not identify fitness costs, further work to characterize the potential impact of fitness costs in a population based setting is needed, since the presence of fitness costs is a commonly-made assumption in research on antimicrobial resistance, in particular in relation to the disappearance of resistant bacteria in the absence of antimicrobial drug.
