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Moreover, Brc retained their antimicrobial tolerance phenotype, despite being in the planktonic mode of growth.
Undoubtedly, due to antimicrobial tolerance, slow-growing cells, and EPS matrix, biofilm-associated infections do not respond consistently to therapeutically achievable concentrations of most antimicrobial agents.
Our data provide novel evidence for the molecular basis of antibiotic induced biofilm formation, a phenotype associated with inherently increased antimicrobial tolerance.
With a need for novel anti-biofilm treatment strategies, research in biofilm infection microbiology, biofilm formation mechanisms and biofilm-associated antimicrobial tolerance has become an important area in microbiology.
Substantial knowledge about biofilm formation mechanisms, biofilm-associated antimicrobial tolerance and immune evasion mechanisms has been obtained through work with biofilms grown in in vitro experimental setups, and the relevance of this information in the context of chronic infections is being investigated by the use of animal models of infection.
Collectively, these efflux transporters potentiate a much broader antimicrobial tolerance.
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Due to their high antimicrobial tolerances, biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria pose serious problems to human health, for example, pathogenic P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and E. coli biofilms are believed to be causative agents of cystic fibrosis, prostatitis, periodontitis, and urinary catheter cystitis (Costerton et al. 1999).
In the last decades, A. baumannii has gradually emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen worldwide, reflecting antimicrobial resistance, tolerance to desiccation and disinfection and biofilm formation on common abiotic surfaces in healthcare settings [ 1].
And how does antimicrobial immunity modulate tolerance?
All these data together with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and tolerance, strongly support the implementation of prevention measures.
Additionally, the two-component response regulator VraR was suggested to be important for mediating tolerance to antimicrobial peptides.
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