BMSCs can release these paracrine factors, as well as antimicrobial factors [4, 5].
During the humoral immune response, they secrete lysozyme, agglutinin, peroxidase, phenoloxidases and antimicrobial factors (fetidin, lysenin, eiseniapore, coelomic cytolytic factor).
CA leads to the upregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 and concomitant upregulation of cytokines and chemokines as well as antimicrobial factors in epidermal keratinocytes [70].
Using a model based on the Gamma hypothesis – that antimicrobial factors in mixtures exert independent effects – a range of weak acids (lactic, acetic, propionic, citric, sorbic and benzoic), pH, salt and temperature and some of their combinations were examined.
Well-known natural unspecific antimicrobial factors acting in the vagina are additionally reinforced during menstrual bleeding by hemocidins a recently discovered novel class of microbicidal peptides generated proteolytically from hemoglobin.
Also, a variety of antimicrobial factors, including steroidal glycosides (Andersson et al. 1989), polyhydroxylated sterols (Iorizzi et al. 1995), lysozymes (Canicatti and Roch 1989; Stabili and Pagliara 1994), complement-like substances (Leonard et al. 1990) and antimicrobial peptides (Beauregard et al. 2001) have also been isolated from echinoderms.
Neutrophils may also destroy pathogens without phagocytosis by secreting antimicrobial factors into the extracellular medium.
Like other probiotics and commensal microbes, L. reuteri produces antimicrobial factors, including lactate and reuterin.
Among these antimicrobial factors, defensins and myeloperoxidase (MPO) seem to be the primary candidates in our experimental model.
While human SP contains various antimicrobial factors, a number of proviral factors have also been identified [14], [15].
Ligation of epithelial TLRs by pathogens is usually associated with the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators and antimicrobial factors.
