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The surface antigen cluster instead seems to be derived preferentially from studies on leukemia.
The "surface antigen" cluster contains many genes that had been reported as part of the "signal transduction" cluster.
All IFITMs contain the human leukocyte antigen cluster of differentiation CD225, yet not all proteins that contain CD225 are IFITMs.
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To this end we have engineered biomimetic supported lipid bilayers and are able to use atomic force microscopy to visualize membrane domains, antigen clustering, and antibody membrane interactions.
Other groups have observed a similar association between DNA/histone-related antigen clusters and nephritis or evidence of nephritis [ 43, 44, 46].
This information about the "antigenic phenotype" of the virus can be plotted on an antigenic map in which strains with similar antigens cluster together.
The O-antigen cluster contains three neighbouring genes that encode proteins belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family, wbmF, wbmG and wbmH, and we aimed to elucidate their individual functions.
In PCN061, part of its O-antigen cluster is identical with that in the O9 rbf gene cluster of E. coli F719 [GenBank: D43637] (Fig. 3b) [ 50, 51].
The genomic plasticity associated with the O-antigen cluster is in accordance with previous comparative genomic studies [ 55, 90] and might be due to intense diversifying selection and/or to HGT.
In Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species, genes toward the center of the O-antigen cluster are less conserved compared to the genes at the ends, and this has been suggested to facilitate the exchange of interchangeable modules within the locus to form new O-antigens [ 6].
We found the low reactivity cluster had lower SLEDAI scores, and the DNA/histone-related antigens cluster had an increased frequency of nephritis, although neither reached statistical significance (data not shown).
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