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The performances of adult laying hens, housed in either a basic or an enriched pen, were investigated in a cognitive bias and an anticipation test.
The Brixton Spatial Anticipation test [ 39] provided standard EF measures.
For that reason, we also obtained independent EF measures on the Brixton Spatial Anticipation test [ 39].
At the beginning of the psychological anticipation test, the participant was informed through an earphone that an acid solution which might cause heartburn would be infused into his/her esophagus in the following 5 minutes.
The domain 'attention and executive function' was assessed by the Trail-making Test Part B (ratio score), the Stroop Color Word Test (Part III; ratio score), the Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test, a letter fluency test using the 'N' and 'and and category fluency (animal naming).
Response Inhibition was tapped by the Stroop Color-Word test (interference score) [ 19], Mental Flexibility by the subtest Flexibility of the TAP 2.1 [ 20] and Problem Solving by the Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test [ 19] and Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (Set I) [ 19].
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On the other hand, the number of social interactions exhibited in the home pen correlated with some aspects of behaviour in the anticipation tests and the amount of training needed to reach testing criteria in the cognitive bias tests correlated with latencies to approach the near rewarded probe in the same test.
During pre-test counselling, major concerns were not addressed rarely: risk perception in 4% of interviews, information about HIV transmission routes in 7% and the anticipation of test results in 8%.
In anticipation of testing D+Q in a preclinical model, the drugs were tested for the efficacy in reducing the viability of senescent murine cells.
Crucially, the EPSPs arriving at the soma displayed motion anticipation when tested with our standard moving bar stimulus, demonstrating that the passive interactions of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs are sufficient to generate motion anticipation.
Furthermore, in anticipation of testing these inhibitors in development assays (see below) and because anion channel inhibitors are known to bind to the serum present in these types of assay (Staines et al., 2004b), the effect of each inhibitor was also tested in the presence of 10% v/v fetal calf serum (FCS).
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