If the stylus moved out of the starting area before C + 100 ms or, for a catch trial, any time up to T + 500 ms, the movement was labeled an anticipation error, an error message was displayed, and a new trial was randomly selected.The factor Type of Indicator Stimulus had two conditions.
The score was calculated as the sum of the average total movement time (in hundredths of a second; typically about 40 in the keypress task and 55 in the pointing task), three points for each missed target, and five points for each anticipation error.
Indeed, the brain's dopaminergic system, including striatal and midbrain structures, has been shown to respond to reward anticipation and to prediction errors as well as having an effect on memory formation (Adcock et al., 2006; Wittmann et al., 2011).
Sarinopoulos et al. (2010) examined prediction errors when processing uncertain cues in anticipation of viewing a neutral or aversive picture.
Since surprise enhances emotions [48], we hypothesized that more negative expectations during the anticipation period would lead to greater relief and reward prediction errors in the NAc.
Pre-response risk anticipation preferentially involves the superior AIC, whereas (post-response or post-feedback) risk prediction errors involve the inferior AIC.
Dopamine may be more critical in motivation, anticipation of rewards and prediction error signalling than in consummatory processing, which has been linked to opioid receptor activation [ 7, 36].
Moreover, external cues or internal thought processes generate an anticipation of aversive body states that sets up a body prediction error, i.e., the difference between the current and anticipated body state.
For the environment adapter, the error that trains the network is based on the prediction error, the difference between the participant's anticipation of movement and the actual observed movement.
