Confounding results can occur when the antibiotic itself serves as a trigger for growth arrest, causing drug-induced persistence31 and sometimes paradoxical lower killing at high drug concentration32.
A If your sore throat was due to glandular fever, the antibiotic may have triggered the rash because there can be a cross-reaction between the antibodies produced when you have the infection and the antibiotic itself.
To find out whether the mice's disturbed microbiomes or the antibiotic itself caused the metabolic changes, the team transplanted microbes from treated mice into mice previously kept completely germ-free.
In the above experiments, we could not rule out the possibility that the antibiotic itself rather than the endosymbiont removal negatively affected the insects.
Since both plasmid-containing strains produced mixtures of compounds, including angolosaminyl-EB and angolosaminyl-6-dEB, it was not possible to ascertain the identity of antibiotic itself.
For example, expression of some resistance genes is induced by the antibiotic itself (Minami et al. 1980; Depardieu et al. 2007; Foucault et al. 2010).
"Therefore," noted Mr. Chopra, "exclusive breastfeeding is probably as important here as anywhere in the world – not least because [breastmilk] is an antibiotic itself, as well".
This discrepancy may indicate that what the parents really seek in their requests is not the antibiotic itself but rather communication with physicians about their children's conditions through sharing the children's experiences of antibiotic administration.
How vancomycin causes zinc limitation is not known, but could result from changes in the cell envelope that favour zinc sequestration or perhaps via chelation of zinc by the antibiotic itself (vancomycin interacts with Cu2+ ions in vitro [ 66, 67]).
Consequently, Louise demonstrates an aversion to antibiotics, manifesting itself in the desire for a 'magic pill' to reduce the risk posed by recurrent antibiotic use.
