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A substantially lower SAR in the anthropogenic time interval (Holocene) is suggested by the nested analyses.
The anthropogenic time slice was the Holocene, 11,500 to 500 calendar years ago, beginning with the first evidence for widespread humans in our study area and steepening of the human population growth curve worldwide [28].
First, many of the Holocene (anthropogenic time interval) samples include more species occurrences than the pre-anthropogenic samples (Table S1), which would be expected to bias the results by producing Holocene SARs with higher diversity values (see Materials and Methods).
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O. patagonica has been thought to have been introduced in anthropogenic times from the western south Atlantic to the western Mediterranean via shipping.
Oculina patagonica, first recorded in the Mediterranean Sea in 1966, is believed to have been introduced in anthropogenic times and expanding in a west to east direction.
Taken together, our results suggest that while O. patagonica populations from the Mediterranean are closely related to WA Oculina spp. populations, they are genetically differentiated from them and have not been introduced into the Mediterranean from the western North Atlantic in anthropogenic times.
Pre-anthropogenic time intervals were those falling between 30 million to approximately 11,500 years ago.
Here we provide that estimation, by utilizing 28,019 occurrences of fossil mammal species from across temperate North America to compute species-area relationships (SARs) for many pre-anthropogenic time slices and post-anthropogenic time.
The anthropogenic (Holocene) and pre-anthropogenic time intervals are similar subsets of the total fauna of non-volant terrestrial mammals as represented by voucher specimens in museum collections.
The pre-anthropogenic baseline includes climatic shifts that in magnitude and rate rival those seen at the end of the Pleistocene (for example, glacial-interglacial cycles throughout the Pleistocene, and the rapid cooling at the end of the Pliocene) [38], [39], yet none of the pre-anthropogenic time slices exhibit the severe diversity depression characteristic of the anthropogenic (Holocene) one.
That limited our study to assessing anthropogenic influence only up to 500 years ago, thus yielding a conservative assessment of diversity decline in respect to pre-anthropogenic times.
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