In Model 3, we additionally adjusted for gestational age at birth and birthweight for gestational age z-score; these variables may be mediators of the association of antenatal depression with height as well as confounders of the association of postpartum depression with height.
At the time of a woman's first antenatal appointment, her height and weight were obtained and BMI calculated.
The main services offered are antenatal check-ups, height and weight monitoring, basic blood and urine analysis and screening, and medicine dispensary, free of cost for 1 month.
The relationship between postpartum depression and greater HAZ was evident starting at 6 months and continued to age 3. We found minimal relationships between antenatal depression and child height outcomes.
Women experiencing spPTB trended significantly towards younger age, less education, less antenatal care, lower maternal height, as well as higher rates of malaria (2.1% vs 1.1%, p < 0.001) and pre-eclampsia (3.5% vs 2.6%, p < 0.001) compared to women with term deliveries (Table 2).
The estimated association between antenatal depression and WHO height-for-age z-score was −0.01 (−0.24, 0.24) in a model controlling for maternal age, race/ethnicity, household income, height, and pre-pregnancy weight gain (the same covariates as in Model 2 of Table 2).
The comparisons of age at delivery, body weight and height at first antenatal care check, education, occupation and household wealth for women participating in the dietary study compared to the remaining women in the trial revealed no important differences.
Fetal growth surveillance is usually done by a protocol of measuring fundal height at each antenatal visit in the third trimester, with referral for ultrasound assessment of estimated fetal weight when the serially plotted fundal height measurements do not follow the predicted curve.
Associations between AN, smoking, malaria, alcohol use, ethnic origin, residence, literacy level, income (participant and partner), gravidity, nutritional status, bed net use, height, frequency of antenatal clinic visits, receipt of IPTp, and infant gender with birthweight/LBW as well as anaemia at delivery (Hb <11 g/dL) were assessed.
Measured maternal weight and self reported height at the first antenatal visit have been recorded since 1992.
Confidence intervals overlapped for question 3a which explored changes in confidence levels related to measuring weight and height at the first antenatal contact.
