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N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to play a central role in learning and memory processes, as the administration of antagonistic substances of these receptors hinders learning acquisition by using different behavioral paradigms (e.g., Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 2003 140 (1–2003 140.
It is reported that the presence of non-hypoglyceamic and/or antagonistic substances in the extract may diminish hypoglyceamic effect [ 42].
Further, it has been reported that presence of hypoglycemic and/or antagonistic substances in the extract may diminish hypoglyceamic effect [ 28].
This possibly occurs through changes in bacterial microenvironment that include competition for nutrients and production of antagonistic substances by mother's bacteria such as bacteriocins.
Gastric acid and bile salts tolerance, production of antagonistic substances against pathogenic microorganisms, and adhesive ability to gut epithelium are other important characteristics that make these bacteria useful for oral immunization.
These 2 antagonistic substances can lead to regions (patches) of high activator and inhibitor concentration (because the activator drives production of the inhibitor), separated by regions of low morphogen concentration.
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While that statement is true in spirit, when we convert energy into matter, we also make an equal quantity of an antagonistic substance called antimatter.
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) are mutually antagonistic vasoactive substances secreted by vascular endothelial cell.
For example, 2 antagonistic pattern-forming substances have been shown to be involved in the generation of the oral aboral axis in sea urchins (Duboc et al. 2004), and in mouse hair follicle formation (Mou et al. 2006).
If the agonistic reagent is missing, and the GC receptor is blocked by a substance (antagonistic binding to the GC receptor), a cell-mediated, GC-controlled delayed allergy may result.
So antagonistic were these two substances that neither could ever exhibit its characteristic effects until it had gained superiority over, or suppressed, the other.
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