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In fact, many mutualisms appear to have evolved from antagonistic interactions.
Antagonistic interactions may also involve defensive strategies that make use of chemical and physical deterrents.
Because organisms are concentrated packages of energy and nutrients in themselves, they can become the objects of antagonistic interactions.
Although mutualisms are common in all biological communities, they occur side by side with a wide array of antagonistic interactions.
One way of understanding the diversity of antagonistic interactions is through the kinds of hosts or prey that species attack.
In the Sebald approach to the unredemptive construct we call 'nature', both sympathetic and antagonistic interactions carry the same rules: it's how they are interpreted that comes into focus.
Dr. Ward believes that with more recognition and support for the emotional work receptionists do, such misunderstandings and antagonistic interactions could be avoided.
Although mutualisms benefit all species involved in a relationship, they are built on the same genetically selfish principles as antagonistic interactions.
Antagonistic interactions also coevolve in more subtle ways.
Antagonistic interactions between sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, EDTA, and citric acid.
Finally, some antagonistic interactions may even coevolve toward decreased antagonism under some ecological conditions.
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