For instance, accumulation of Fe and Ca in the shoot tissue decreased as a consequence of antagonistic effect of Cu on Fe and Ca [107].
The study also showed that locomotor activity has antagonistic fitness consequences in the two sexes, i.e., it is involved in intra-locus conflict [ 39].
Otherwise, it is antagonistic effect.
However, when the energetic costs of increased gene expression add to antagonistic-pleiotropic consequences for fitness, such as those discussed for the Hsp70 locus, this will likely place constraints on the contribution of gene duplicates to adaptive phenotypic evolution.
This method would be especially useful, and straightforward, for human populations and for connecting sexually antagonistic alleles with consequences for health.
Considering the consequences of antagonistic co-adaptation in the evolution of parent-offspring interactions might change predictions of conflict resolution theory, which assumed independent segregation of offspring and parental strategies [3], by, for example, constraining the evolutionary success of selfish and costly offspring strategies [16], [19], [32].
Third, DR_SEQAN warns on the presence and number of antagonistic mutations, assuming their consequences for zidovudine (AZT), tenofovir, delavirdine and amprenavir resistance.
Theoretical studies have shown that the formation of linkage between the sex-determining locus and autosomal genes under sexually antagonistic selection has significant consequences on both population fitness and sex chromosome evolution (Charlesworth and Charlesworth 1980; van Doorn and Kirkpatrick 2007).
The position of gene clusters along a chromosome might be non-random as well and selection for changes in linkage disequilibria as a consequence of antagonistic host-parasite co-evolution could potentially explain such non-random order of clusters.
