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Our model was based on observations of ant presence and absence but, unlike other models based on presence absence data, it incorporated the process of invasion by spread from neighboring areas.
We simulated the effects of Argentine ant presence at neighboring grid squares, distance to development, presence of the native winter ant Prenolepis imparis, and other habitat and climate variables, and used these models to simulate invasion over many decades.
The GLM analysis shows that the large number of leaves is related to ant presence.
This is an argument in favor of the theory that this type of marking may help to signal an unpredictable and ephemeral resource or alien ant presence.
Before testing the effects of ecological traits on the effect of ant presence on plant reproduction, we tested for associations among the predictor variables.
Therefore, under similar analysis, we would expect our study to show a higher effect of ant presence on plant reproduction than found in the other two studies.
Similar(44)
The interaction between the presence of ants and the number of leaves was also significant (GLM, factors "ants presence:leaves": P = 0.00269).
Of the ecological variables included in our analysis, only plant life history (i.e., annual or perennial) explained variation in the protective benefit of mutualistic ants: presence of ants benefitted reproduction of perennials significantly more than that of annuals.
Local variables pertaining to vegetation structure and diversity, Azteca sericeasur (keystone ant species) presence, and abiotic factors such as synthetic chemical usage and altitude were quantified.
At intensities above AnT, no presence of lipids in energy expenditure was observed.
Carpenter ant gallery presence was most influenced by CWD hardness (which was related to tree height and clearcut age) and circumference, whereas brown bear foraging on clearcut CWD was most influenced by whether or not galleries were present, CWD circumference and clearcut age.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com