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The GHQ has four answer alternatives for each item: 'better than usual'samease as usual'worserse than usual'muchuch worse than usual'.
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If the students select only the last answer alternative, for example, the item is scored 0. Fig. 2 Two sample items of the Test of basic Mechanics Conceptual Understanding (bMCU) translated into English.
Data were collected by self-report using a questionnaire with fixed-answer alternatives for 40 questions.
Cardiorespiratory strain was assessed with the question: 'How often does physical exertion in your work cause: (i) sweating, (ii) breathlessness and (iii) heart palpitation?' The answering alternatives for these three items were: 'never or very rarely = 0'rarelyely = 1'occasionallylly = 2'quiteite frequently = 3' and 'frequently = 4'.
Musculoskeletal strain was assessed with the question 'How much strain does work cause to your: (i) arms, (ii) legs and (iii) back?' The answering alternatives for these three items were 'not at all/ very little = 0'notnot much = 1'prettytty much = 3' and 'very much = 4'.
For item 8 ("Stone"), the last two answer alternatives are correct, and for item 11 ("Balls"), all three answer alternatives are correct.
Complete questions and answer alternatives in English and Swedish (italic) For complete Q&A of questions used, see Additional file 1: Table S1 No measurements of noise levels were conducted.
For item 8 ("Stone"), for instance, the last two answer alternatives are correct.
Check all correct answer alternatives.
The solution rate of single answer alternatives was accordingly correlated with the averaged solution rates of all other answer alternatives.
Inconsistent answer alternatives were dropped only if there remained other answer alternatives that targeted the same content.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com