Countless people are condemned to wander from one camp to another, hoping to survive.
Companies doing this at a large scale look for similarities between one field and another, hoping for a common means of analysis.
Companies such as Fiat stagger from one crisis to another, hoping for a couple of big hits that will lift them out of the mire.
The new order has already led to firings and a significant number of resignations, as well as desperate measures — one interpreter smearing his face with mascara, another hoping that a new beard will keep his identity secret.
Shaw wrote that Royal had put seldom-used players through drills in which they pummeled one another, hoping that many would quit so he could find more recruiting spots for highly talented high school players.
But that spirit of cooperation is a recent phenomenon, analysts said, and in prior years the company's separate units consistently tried to outdo one another, hoping to prove their worth in the conglomerate's portfolio.
