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In addition, we also suggest that the anomaly occurrences in LEO are slightly different from those of GEO.
The existence of a time lag between Kp and Dst, especially at the peak of geomagnetic disturbances, affects the identification of satellite anomaly occurrences in association with Kp enhancement and Dst depression simultaneously.
The Kp index is an indicator of global geomagnetic disturbance counted by a scale of 0 to 9. In general, a larger Kp index corresponds to more anomaly occurrences.
For the remaining cases, such as FUSE (2) (Additional file 1: case #5a), Aqua (Additional file 10: case #6), and from case #14(Kirari) to case #19 (Orbcomm) (Additional files 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15) in Table 4, the anomaly occurrences were weakly linked to the geophysical parameters used in this study.
The use of these bounds in the present study is intended to simply identify the levels of geomagnetic activity regarding anomaly occurrences.
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We found that the probability of these failures occurring in geomagnetically disturbed periods was 5 7 times higher than the average anomaly occurrence.
It is found from superposed epoch analysis that the spacecraft anomalies frequently occurred during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms and that the space environment during the last 4 6 days preceding an anomaly contributes statistically the most to the anomaly occurrence.
We have also demonstrated a strong relationship between the anomaly occurrence rate and the Kp index, which was higher on anomaly days.
We found that the anomaly occurrence rate correlation coefficient (R) was highest on the day of the anomaly, as shown in Fig. 5.
To support this relationship, we adopted a method used by Choi et al. (2011) to calculate the anomaly occurrence rate for LEO satellites.
Fig. 5 LEO satellite anomaly occurrence rates for (from top) 3 days (panel 1), 2 days (panel 2), and 1 day (panel 3) prior to the anomaly day and on the anomaly day (panel 4).
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