The following demographic characteristics were analysed: gender, date of birth, date of registration, grade of CPO (grades 1 4 according to Jensen et al. [ 17]; Fig. 1), presence of syndromes and/or congenital anomalies, delivery location, GA and the age at diagnosis of CPO.
We first applied a chi-squared test to determine whether sex ratio was associated with neonatal outcomes including GA, birth weight (low birth weight and macrosomia), neonatal death, congenital anomaly, and delivery mode (CS vs. vaginal delivery) [ 4, 16– 18, 21].
This study depicts that the sex differences are associated with neonatal outcomes, including GA, birth weight, neonatal death, congenital anomaly, and delivery mode.
Otherwise, cases of stillbirths, high risk pregnancy, or multiple births were excluded when measuring correlations of the sex ratio with the following five outcomes: GA, birth weight, neonatal death, congenital anomaly, and delivery mode.
Pre-existing and gestational hypertensive and diabetic diseases in pregnancy have not only immediate consequence (e.g. congenital anomalies, premature delivery) but also have potential long-term sequelae (renal insufficiency, cardiovascular disease) [ 34– 34].
These complications include gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, caesarean section, thromboembolism, perinatal infections and in the neonate high birth weight or macrosomia, higher rates of intensive care nursery admission, congenital anomalies, preterm delivery, stillbirth and perinatal death [ 1, 6, 1, 1, 1, 15- 40].
The approach described in this protocol establishes the baseline risk of poor birth outcomes (miscarriages, deaths, congenital anomalies, premature delivery, low birth weight) and enables calculation of additional risk of mortality or morbidity associated with specific diseases with or without exposure to specific drugs.
Pregnancies complicated by antepartum stillbirths and/or life-threatening fetal congenital anomalies and deliveries with infants weighting less than 500 grams and/or below 24 weeks' gestation were excluded to avoid potential bias in the evaluation of the outcomes.
The infant characteristics including; birth weight, birth time, gestational age, presence of congenital anomaly, type of delivery, and multiparity were not significantly associated with the number of items documented per record.
The data demonstrate that male gender is at greater risks for the following five neonatal outcomes: preterm birth, macrosomia, congenital anomaly, neonatal death, and operative delivery (CS, forceps delivery, or vacuum delivery).
