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In the context of the hypothesis of the stem cell origin of cancer [32], [33], our results suggest that, for TSGs hypermethylated in stem cells in vivo, the aberrant process in cancer could be understood as a defect in establishing an unmethylated promoter during differentiation, rather than as an anomalous process of de novo hypermethylation (Figure 5).
Our results indicate a role for DNA methylation in the control of gene expression in human stem cells and suggest that, for genes repressed by promoter hypermethylation in stem cells in vivo, the aberrant process in cancer could be understood as a defect in establishing an unmethylated promoter during differentiation, rather than as an anomalous process of de novo hypermethylation.
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Note that fractional operators also provide a method for reflecting the memory properties and non-locality of many anomalous processes.
In the anomalous processes of drug release, Fickian diffusion through the hydrated layers of the matrix and polymer chain relaxation/erosion are both involved [ 26].
Viscosupplementation, a procedure in which abnormal synovial fluid is removed and replaced with purified high molecular weight HA, was developed to combat these anomalous processes [ 15].
The front position is obtained as the weighted mean of fronts calculated by means of the level set method, using as weight-function the probability density function which characterizes the anomalous diffusion process.
We demonstrate how this method can be used to predict the long-time behavior of nonautonomous fractional differential equations by studying the anomalous diffusion process arising from a mixture of renewal and memory sources.
In particular, the fractional diffusion equations capture well the anomalous diffusion process with continuous time random walks [3, 4].
In [20] Pagnini investigated the generalized grey Brownian motion (ggBm) which is an anomalous diffusion process derived by the Erdélyi-Kober fractional integral operator.
The value of the obtained diffusional exponent n was 0.65 (s.d. 0.05, R 0.997) suggesting a typical anomalous diffusion process.
Alternatively, the power-law distribution could be the consequence of an anomalous diffusion process of ferritin molecules inside water coupled with some clustering mechanism, which could depend only on ferritin itself or, on the contrary, on both ferritin and lipids.
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