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Patients with abnormal fetal karyotypes or major anomalies were excluded.
Patients with fetal structural or chromosomal anomalies were excluded.
Patients with inner ear anomalies were excluded using CT images.
Patients with limb loss because of trauma, malignancy, or congenital anomalies were excluded.
Fetuses affected with cystic fibrosis, aneuploidy, or congenital infection and fetuses diagnosed with major anomalies were excluded.
Patients with a cervix too short for transvaginal cerclage placement, placenta previa, or major fetal anomalies were excluded.
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Minor anomalies are excluded principally according to the exclusion list of the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies, EUROCAT [ 27].
29 This is consistent with a recent report which found that the association between stillbirth and maternal age disappears when congenital anomalies are excluded.
Birth defects were grouped according to an organ system classification: central nervous system, eyes, face (including neck and ears), hepatic/digestive, musculoskeletal (including cranial bone alterations), cardiac, genitourinary, chromosomal, extremities and others [ 23]. "Minor" anomalies are excluded, when isolated, because they have lesser medical, functional or cosmetic consequences.
Women with severe chronic illness (other than hypertension, asthma or diabetes) requiring ongoing treatment, placenta previa, history of incompetent cervix diagnosed in a previous pregnancy, impending delivery, or a fetus affected by a major anomaly were excluded.
Any subject with a history of ocular/systemic pathology, refractive surgery, or a binocular vision anomaly was excluded.
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