He said critical migration routes were especially vulnerable in rapidly developing countries, where new roads, shopping malls, dams, playgrounds and subdivisions could spring up overnight, blocking the animals' passage.
In animals, passage of sperm through the female reproductive tract is regulated to maximize the chance of fertilization (Hunter, 1981).
Readers will learn about novel variables such as Engineered, Outlet Arrangement, Aquatic Animal Passage, Land Animal Passage, Basin and Channel Connectivity, Seasonal Influence, Relative Total Pollution, and Flotsam Cover.
The variables engineered, outlet arrangement, aquatic animal passage, land animal passage, basin and channel connectivity, seasonal influence, relative total pollution and flotsam cover are novel.
By inoculating macaques with cocktails of multiple SHIV variants, we selected SHIVs that can replicate and cause AIDS-like disease in immunologically intact rhesus macaques without requiring animal-to-animal passage.
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These monkeys had been used in various experiments (rapid animal-to-animal passage to adapt the parental construct to rhesus monkeys, viral titrations, and vaccine challenge studies)[55].
To avoid selection of a neutralization escape virus, we used rapid animal-to-animal passage of whole blood at the time of peak viremia (week 2 post-inoculation) to adapt the new SHIV strain to RM [10], [11].
Koch reviewed the "law of increasing virulence," originally enunciated by Casimir Davaine in studies of anthrax, that an initial animal passage could "select" bacteria that were more pathogenic than those in the original tissue source [7].
Our data support the practice of banking seed lots of reference strains at −80°C and using them for in vivo virulence testing directly instead of requiring one or two rounds of animal passage prior to virulence testing.
This shift in SpeA and SpeB expression levels is a hallmark reflection of covS mutations characteristic of many invasive M1T1 isolates and is reproduced upon experimental animal passage of M1T1 isolates [36], [37].
