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Related: Yet another study has reinforced the idea that keeping animals in confinement and feeding them antibiotics prophylactically breeds varieties of bacteria that cause disease in humans.
Rejected by his mother at birth and raised by his keeper, Knut's life incorporated a multi-million-euro industry in Knut paraphernalia, a court battle over his ownership, calls for his death, and then for his castration, and an ongoing debate about the ethics of keeping big wild animals in confinement.
"Well, let's say that animals in confinement are ten times less likely to be infected by wild animals," she said, "But there are 100 times as many of them.
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The life of animals raised in confinement on industrial farms is slowly improving, thanks to pressure from consumers, animal rights advocates, farmers and legislators.
Wild animals kept in confinement with humans are physically manipulated to make them less dangerous (their teeth are filed down and nails are removed, for instance) or to make them more adaptable to life in someone's home (for example, their tails are removed to accommodate diaper wearing and they are tethered or caged for hours every day).
In addition, agricultural workers serve as a bridging population between their communities and the animals in large confinement facilities.
Animals are raised in confinement and fed defined feeds that are formulated to increase growth rates and feed-conversion efficiencies.
In the Afambo and Aysaita districts, animals are kept in confinement around cultivation fields (more than in the other two districts), because the districts are largely dominated by agricultural irrigation using the Awash River.
Keeping animals in such close confinement enables disease to spread rapidly.
These include measuring all emissions from animals in short-term confinement; that is, Portable Accumulation Chambers (PAC; Goopy et al., 2011), monitoring eructations in feeding stations (Negussie et al., 2012) or voluntary milking systems for dairy cattle (Garnsworthy et al., 2012; Lassen et al., 2012), or Greenfeed monitors (GEM).
When it comes to beef, pork and lamb, some people insist that meat come from animals raised on small farms, individually tended; others are interested only that the animals are not raised in confinement or routinely fed antibiotics.
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