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While studies of laboratory animals allow aspects of immunity to be studied in controlled, repeatable environments, they may not reflect how wild animals, constrained by limited resources and at threat from a variety of infectious agents, respond to parasites and disease.
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Indeed, the issue of having an animal constrained or free to move may result in dramatic changes in behavioral performances so that wrong conclusions can be made if one considers just one of these aspects.
We quantified winter movement patterns of a non‐migratory elk herd in the Madison headwaters prior to the reintroduction of wolves, when animals were constrained only by nutritional restrictions, and following wolf colonization and establishment, when elk experienced significant wolf predation.
Investigating episodic memory in animals is constrained by their inability to verbally communicate their re-experience of an episode.
Daytime visual perception in diurnal animals is constrained by the sensitivity and operating range of retinal cones.
Mating followed a selection step where the average coancestry of selected animals was constrained, while genetic response was maximised.
In some situations, and in particular in breeds with small populations, the number of HD-genotyped animals was constrained by the availability of DNA from ancestors.
This suggests an additional function in animals that constrains the sequence of the coiled coils.
Optimum-contribution selection (OCS) maximises the genetic merit of a cohort of animals while constraining the average relationship of the current generation [ 1- 5].
Essentially, it says that animals must be constrained or restrained in the subway, and for Gizmo, that means a leash or a carrier.
All animals are anatomically constrained in the number of discrete call types they can produce.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com