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The forward dilated part sticks to the surface, and its muscles contract, pulling the animal forward.
In thaliaceans an exhalant current of water, which in dolioloids and salps is combined with a strong muscular contraction, creates a jet stream that propels the animal forward.
Scallops are unusual as bivalves in their ability to swim, which they do by spasmodic clapping movements of the valves; the water, ejected in jetlike spurts, propels the animal forward.
Thrust is produced by flapping the wings (describing the shape of a figure-eight if viewed from the side), which creates a vortex wake that has the net effect of pushing the animal forward.
Initially, the movement was thought to be produced by ejecting mucus, a slimy secretion; small contractile fibrils have been found that produce minute contraction waves that move the animal forward.
These flukes are raised up and down in long strokes to move the animal forward, and can be twisted to turn.
Similar(52)
The foot is first extended before being contracted suddenly when it acts like a spring, projecting the animal forwards.
For propulsion, muscle contractions can rapidly expel jets of water from the body and drive the animals forward.
Dust hangs over the beasts massing on the riverbank, and from behind a tree we watch the cowboys – and one cowgirl – urge the animals forward, their horses rearing among the mêleé.
Sensory neuron input alters this balance by depolarizing one command neuron type; in undisturbed animals, forward command neurons dominate, and worms crawl mostly forward, interrupted by brief backward episodes (∼2 4 times min−1; [21]).
Every so often, an animal leaps forward, its fur raised in alarm, its feathers fanned in flight.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com