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To date, several laboratory animal concept studies have shown proof-of-principle with regard to the developmental 'programming' of adult health, for review see [4], [5].
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First, the ability to represent the world in terms of mental concepts appears to have evolved early, although it is difficult to determine how animal concepts compare with those of humans.
The new volume goes further in providing a well-organized collection of essential readings on the various sub-issues in the study of concepts: the relation between concepts and the brain, concepts and evolution, animal concepts, and many other core themes.
Social knowledge offers a window for field researchers who investigate animal concepts.
Finally, animal concepts are also being studied in the field, where the concepts' usefulness to animals may be more apparent.
One of the earliest methods for examining animal concepts came out of a series of experiments with pigeons.
Researchers seek to uncover the nature of animal concepts both de re and de dicto using a variety of methods.
Another method for studying animal concepts comes from research on human infants (Hauser et al. 1996; Hauser & Carey 1998; Bermúdez 2003; Gómez 2005, Uller 2004).
Zahn and colleagues only observed middle temporal activity in statistical comparisons that presumably have much higher contrast-to-noise ratios, namely the social and animal concepts versus a simple fixation baseline.
Zahn and colleagues observed a reliable difference between social and animal concepts in the superior temporal gyrus, with much weaker effects of each condition versus fixation in the middle temporal gyrus.
Such evidence suggests that researchers can identify at least some animals' concepts "de re".
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