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It used the angular variance [ 13] of birth dates in a data set as a measure of clustering, with lower angular variance indicating greater clustering.
The algorithm compared the angular variance of the original data set to the angular variance of 10,000 iterations of data points randomly reassigned to capture dates (without replacement).
In circular statistics, the estimate of central tendency is the mean angle; the variance around that mean is the angular variance [ 13].
Clustering of births was considered statistically significant if the angular variance was lower in the original data than in 95% of the randomized iterations.
Births were considered to be seasonal if there was significant clustering of births, as measured by the angular variance, and similar mean angle in each year of sampling.
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It turns out that the covariance matrix corresponding to the "no equal variances" case in Eq. (A.24) of Appendix A is a general expression that is always true and is equivalent to setting the three rotation axes and corresponding angular variances equal to the eigenvectors and corresponding eigenvalues, respectively, of the symmetric positive semi-definite matrix ACaAT in Eq. (35).
and we will call it angular momentum variance.
In terms of n, the angular momentum variance (17) of a receptive profile ψ q p reads Δ J = 2 π n (21).
We have then obtained the following proposition, which shows that for receptive profiles the angular momentum variance Δ J is inversely proportional to the angular uncertainty quantified in terms of Angv.
Early cellPACK recipes for HIV used distorted spheres (see Fig. 1B) to capture the observed variations in shape, but to simplify analysis (such as the angular distribution variance of ENV) and to describe more average HIV particles, the recipes for HIV-1_0.1.5 HIV-1_0.1.5use perfect spheres andcontainers for the env0.1.6 packing suseaces.
Different textural measures (contrast, homogeneity, angular second moment, variance, mean, dissimilarity, entropy, and correlation) were received by moving several windows of different pixel areas (3×3 to 15×15) over the image, leading to a new textural image for each measure.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com