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The propatagium depth at the elbow varied in specimens based on the angle of the elbow, a condition also seen in extant birds24,25, so the depth reconstructed in Fig. 1 was matched to specimens of similar degrees of elbow flexion.
In this experiment, we measured two parameters: the EMG signal of the patient and the angle of the elbow joint during the task.
The angle of the elbow joint was measured using the FASTRAK® magnetic position sensor (Polhemus) and was also sampled at a rate of 1000 Hz.
In order to avoid error in projection angle of the elbow, the investigator made sure that the camera was directly perpendicular to the elbow motion.
Because the accuracy of the elasticity measurements would have been influenced by underlying muscle movements, we controlled for this by keeping the angle of the elbow and wrist in a relaxed state at 90 and 180 degrees, respectively.
The mean valgus angle of the elbow was 16 (4–28) degrees before surgery and it progressed slightly to 17 (6–33) degrees at the final follow-up examination.
Similar(52)
The arc angles of the elbow workspace range from 68.8° to 83.4° and are located at the lateral and posterior quadrant of the circle on which the elbow trajectories located.
Rotation angles of the elbow (θ ei ) at time i [1/100 s] were calculated by the following equation, where AR35 xi, AR35 yi, and AR35 zi are the x, y, and z coordinates of AR35.
Significant improvement in joint angles of the elbows (flexion) and shoulders (abduction) was noted with the ergonomically designed microscopes.
An 8-year-old girl with a rapidly increasing valgus angle of the right elbow presented at the out-patient clinic of our hospital.
On physical examination, the patient was found to have a full and painless ROM and a normal carrying angle of the left elbow.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com