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The kyphosis angle (T5-T12) and vertebral rotation angle at the apex were measured before and after the simulated corrections.
The mean vertebral rotation angle at the apex was 15.2 ± 5.5 before the simulated correction, and it was 0 (completely corrected) after the C + D simulation.
The vertebral rotation angle at the apex was measured using Aaro's method [ 29] against a reference point set at the pelvis.
The mean rotation angle at the apex measured on patients' post-surgical CT images was between the mean values obtained by the simulated C correction and the simulated C + D correction.
To evaluate the relationship between thoracic kyphosis and vertebral derotation, the thoracic kyphosis angle (T5-12), the radius of the thoracic curvature, and the vertebral rotation angle at the apex were measured before and after the two different simulated corrections for each patient.
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On this basis we derive fundamental hardness-to-cohesion solutions in function of the friction angle and the apex angle.
After the C correction, however, the mean rotation angle of the apex did not change significantly (17.6 ± 4.2, p = 0.209).
These indicate that the half-apex angle at the inflection point is a compromise between the driving force and collecting length, agreeing with the normalized functions.
The indenter employed in the Vickers test is a square-based pyramid whose opposite sides meet at the apex at an angle of 136°.
The centre of the positive charges is located between the two hydrogen atoms; the centre of the negative charge of the oxygen atom is at the apex of the angle.
The geometrical model includes rotation of the fibre directions from the endocardium to the epicardium with the angle 170° at the base and 100° at the apex.
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