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In this paper, 3D-printed samples with a single non-straight fissure are uniaxially compressed, and the effects of the inclination angle and effective curvature on the cracking are observed.
Left, middle, and right columns correspond to the minimum slant range, elevation angle, and effective reflection height, respectively.
In the first step, we extracted temporal variations of the minimum slant range, corresponding elevation angle, and effective reflection height (Eq. (4)) of one-hop GB echoes.
We searched for the range gate with maximum power within the mask and recorded corresponding slant range, elevation angle, and effective height values.
Using Hok-GBM, we processed the entire radar dataset and calculated monthly mean of the observed minimum slant range, elevation angle, and effective reflection height.
Secondly, we constructed an algorithm for mass data processing and extracted diurnal dependencies of the minimum slant range, corresponding elevation angle, and effective reflection height from the Hokkaido East SuperDARN dataset for a period from 2007 to 2014.
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Figure 6 shows variations of the observed monthly mean minimum slant range (left), elevation angle (middle), and effective reflection height (right) for beam #0 in 2010 and 2014.
In order to test the sensitivity of the slope stability calculations as functions of the slope inclination, soil effective internal friction angle, and soil effective cohesion (c'), a series of simulations were performed using 24° < β < 34°, 24° < Φ' < 34°, 0 < c' < 12 kPa and a fixed set of parameters.
Second, the deformation and strength characteristics of bottom ash, such as the secant modulus, Poisson ratio, characteristic angle, dilation angle, effective cohesion and effective friction angle, are determined.
Several major factors which influence debonding of FRP and hence the contribution of FRP to shear resistance have been identified (e.g., bond model, FRP effective strain, shear crack angle and FRP effective anchorage length).
FL, LMTU, pennation angle (PA) and effective FL (FL multiplied by the cosine of the PA) of the BFlh were quantified using ultrasonography (US).
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