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Although the expression levels (Additional file 7, Figure S3B) and translocation levels were variable between these, all three PagK homologues were expressed inside host cells and translocated into the cytosol.
Substrates are recognized and unfolded by the regulatory particle (RP) and translocated into a central proteolytic chamber, called the core particle (CP), where degradation takes place.
On binding of an extracellular ligand of the extensive transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily to its cognate receptor complex, latent cytoplasmic Dpc4 is activated and translocated into the nucleus to function as part of various DNA-binding transcriptional activator complexes.
Success has been achieved with botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) which targets neuronal acceptors via its heavy chain, becomes endocytosed and translocated into the cytosol where the long-lived protease of its light chain potently and specifically cleaves SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protease of Mr = 25k).
In plants, Cd is easily taken up by roots and translocated into shoots.
Second, upon FFA treatment, Yap1 became dephosphorylated and translocated into the nucleus (Figs. 2B, 2C, 2E, 2F and S2A).
If the OVA proteins cross the endosome membrane and translocated into the cytosol, it will be released by PFO and detected by western bolt.
After de-ubiquitination, the protein is partially unfolded and translocated into the cavity of the 20S CP for degradation via a threonine-dependent nucleophilic attack (Voges et al., 1999; Zhu et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2006).
Similar(3)
After phosphorylation, STAT3 homodimerizes and translocates into the nucleus where it binds to promoter elements of responsive target genes to regulate their transcriptions26.
Phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 then interact with Smad4 (Co-Smad) and translocate into the nucleus to initiate the transcription of target genes.
Their development requires an understanding of the mechanism by which the carrier systems interact with and translocate into the target cells.
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