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Saturated fatty acids from obesity-induced lipolysis are capable of activating macrophages and thereby activating NF-κB signaling, which in turn leads to transcriptional activation of genes encoding pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β and IL-6 [ 39].
By changing the tongue position and thereby activating different sensors, the user sets control commands.
Binding of TGF-ß to its type 2 receptor (TßR2), permits recruitment and activation of the type 1 receptor (TßR1), which in turn continues the signalling relay by phosphorylating and thereby activating the intermediate Smad2 [32].
In an earlier study, we demonstrated that members of the BMP-1/TLD family of metalloproteases are capable of cleaving the myostatin propeptide and thereby activating the latent myostatin complex in vitro [12].
The prevailing model for the origins of this tumor is that a mesenchymal precursor cell undergoes a second genetic hit at one of the TSC loci, rendering the cell defective for TSC1-TSC2 complex function and, thereby, activating mTORC1.
Active caspase-9 then initiates apoptosis by cleaving and thereby activating executioner caspases.
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This inactivates sororin and thereby activates the releasing activity that triggers cohesin's dissociation from chromosomes.
Trib3 inhibits Akt activity and thereby activates FOXO3a, which in turn binds to and activates the trib3 promoter.
In addition, active caspase-8 cleaves Bid to its active form tBid and thereby activates a certain amount of Bax/Bak but not enough for mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation.
The INSR is activated by insulin binding and after activation it phosphorylates and thereby activates insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) which in turn activates the PI3-kinase and AKT signalling pathways.
Constitutive activation of FGFR3 will probably cause constitutive activation of p38 MAPK and thereby activate the entire p38 MAPK signalling pathway.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com