Performance Related Pay and the fragmentation of the education system make it increasing difficult to encourage collaboration between teachers and schools.
It will be hard for any Labour leader to win in 2020, given boundary changes and the fragmentation of Labour support.
But changes like the breakup of the Soviet Union and the fragmentation of Yugoslavia have kept Nova Rico and other mapmakers in motion.
In part, the shortage is a result of government cutbacks and the fragmentation of threats to American interests over the past decade.
But the alienation of the population and the fragmentation of the elite will mean an uneasy future.
English's emergence as the global language, along with the rapid progress in machine translation and the fragmentation of languages spoken around the world, make it less clear that the substantial investment necessary to speak a foreign tongue is universally worthwhile.
The study, published by the open-access journal Public Library of Science Biology, suggests that the only event that could have led to such a decline is the development of logging and the fragmentation of habitat that resulted from it.
It doesn't have the stylised bleakness of McAdam's novel, but by touching on DNA and genetics, the environment and the fragmentation of urban communities along the way, it draws to a contented close that is all the more unsettling.
James Howard Kunstler's 1993 book "The Geography of Nowhere" was an impassioned rant against suburbia, shopping malls, cheap disposable architecture and the fragmentation of communities fostered by an increasingly mobile, car-oriented culture.
"The political stalemate at the centre, and the fragmentation of the traditional party system, has left us with a set of polls incapable of telling what will ultimately happen, when there are so many potential scenarios.
The persistence of technical flaws — each seemingly coming from a different part of the system — has been blamed on the complexity of the trading technology and the fragmentation of the market itself.
