Hence, we have a causal chain, and so causation.
Women with nondense breasts still get breast cancer, and agents with completely different mechanisms of action, such as the bisphosphonates, have a major effect on bone mineral density, and so causation is multifunctional.
Our study has some limitations: First, this was a cross-sectional study, so causation could not be inferred.
Analogy relates to the possibility that existing similar association can support causation (eg, Does the same association exist for hip or hand OA? If so, causation may be supported).
And this is what philosophers of causation have done; there are probabilistic versions of "covering law" theories of causation, of counterfactual theories of causation, and so on, for all major theories of causation.
Not all scholars have regarded Aristotle's efficient cause as obviously continuous with a recognizably modern notion of causation, and so not all regard it as an uncontroversial instance of causation.
The problem I was having with my narrative was that there was very little plot, very little causation, and so, when I created dramatized, visceral reality, the weak plot left the reader stuck in a particular scene.
When philosophers ask about knowledge, names, persons, persisting objects, free will, causation, and so on, they are seeking to understand the identity or constitution of these kinds.
(The theory is restricted to deterministic causation and so does not address the example of probabilistic preemption described in section 3.4).
In such cases, one typically proceeds by assuming the physical soundness of the theory or theoretical framework and drawing out the ontological and perhaps epistemological consequences of the theory, trying to understand what it is that the theory is telling us about the nature of space, time, matter, causation, and so on.
An important panel discussion outlined the challenges in interpreting epigenetic profiles, which by nature are phenotypic, tissue specific and dynamic and thus prone to confounders and so-called 'reverse causation'.
