To analyze the mode of cell death, we performed Caspase-3 activation assays to distinguish between apoptosis and necrosis, since activation of this executioner caspase is a clear marker for apoptotic cell death.
The identity of this factor is not known but we believe that it is distinct from the polymorphic rhoptry kinases, ROP16 and ROP18, since activation of SRF target genes did not map to these factors [12].
Since activation of CAR and PXR signals a stress response of the liver to elevated bile acids, we investigated the physiological consequences of RF.
Since activation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 has the common PLC/IP3 pathway, the rest of the study will focus on the effect of co-injection of MPEP and LY367385 on ischaemic injury and its underlying mechanism, and the long-term histological outcomes.
Since activation of both STAT3 and STAT5 was frequently noted in the same specimen, we then explored whether this coactivation could have an impact on treatment outcome.
The connection between miR-499 and the immediate early gene response is important since activation of this pathway is thought to precede further transcriptional responses to stress.
14, 15 Since activation of the PI3K/AKT cascade promotes mTOR activity, many tumor types exhibit high levels of mTOR activity due to constitutive upstream signaling events.
Since activation of canonical Wnt signaling and protein N-glycosylation contributes to EMT, it is also likely that this N-glycosylation/Wnt network plays a role in metastasis (Fodde and Brabletz 2007; Dennis et al. 2009; Polyak and Weinberg 2009).
Additionally, since activation of receptors for GLP-1 and GIP exerts pro-survival effects on β-cells [17], incretins may also be capable of maintaining β-cell mass in diabetes.
Since activation of PLCγ1 plays a critical role in activating Erk1/2 following TCR stimulation, we hypothesized that Pak2 participates in activation of Erk1/2 via promoting PLCγ1 activation by regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics during T cell spreading triggered by TCR engagement.
