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Signifier and signified.
Imitating the tropes and ciphers of Western heavy metal, there was a fascinating disconnect between signifiers and signified.
Look At This is title and object, cause and effect; in structuralist terms, it is signifier and signified.
'Ferdinand de Saussure said things were split into signifiers and signified,' he recalls, 'and my thing was: how do you know?
In this way the traditional motif of stone located in Voloshin's Symbolist poetics makes a breakthrough to the avant-garde poetics with its free link between signifier and signified.
Moving beyond the dualism of signifier and signified, Signs and Machines shows how signs act as "sign-operators" that enter directly into material flows and into the functioning of machines.
So let us turn our attention to Merleau-Ponty's transformation of two fundamental Saussurian ideas: the diacritical structure of language; the arbitrary relationship between signifier and signified.
There are two main issues with this model, one is the relation between the direct signifier and signified and the conceived ones, the other is the understanding of what is the "directly signified".
Language is dealt with in Tibetan epistemological treatises in terms of the relationship between "what expresses" (rjod byed) and "what is expressed" (brjod bya)—two notions that come quite close to the Saussurian distinction between "signifier" and "signified".
Sakya Paṇḍita distinguishes the context of "explanation," where one differentiates between "direct" and "conceived" signifier and signified, between generic and specific words and objects, and the context of "action," that is, practical language use.
Roland Barthes wrote, "an entire world is present in and signified by food".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com