Therefore treatment response might be influenced by TDR even after many years, resulting in ongoing viral replication under selective pressure and promoting the evolution of further resistant variants [42].
According to previous reports, eukaryotic gneomes contain many sequence of viral origin that have played diverse roles, such as horizontal gene transfer mediated by dsRNA viruses, providing resistance to the virus, and promoting the evolution of host organisms [ 74- 77].
Species diversity and within-species genetic diversity are markedly lower inside the brackish Baltic Sea compared to adjacent areas, which to a large extent is attributed to these marginal environmental conditions creating specific selection pressures and promoting the evolution of local adaptations [ 20- 22].
In evolutionary simulations, these strategies outcompeted their opponents and promoted the evolution of cooperation.
Future alteration to the pressures exerted upon the pathogen, such as climate change, environmental stress, host resistance mechanisms and human intervention, could shift this balance and promote the evolution of hypervirulence, when increased pathogen motility becomes epidemiologically beneficial.
Hence it is scientifically interesting and important to study the distributions of IS elements across prokaryotic genomes to understand how IS elements proliferate and promote the evolution of their host genomes [ 16, 17].
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine that can facilitate autoimmune phenomena, amplify acute inflammation, and promote the evolution into a chronic inflammatory state, has a pivotal role in synovitis, bone erosions, and the systemic features of RA [ 11].
These 'predictable' regions offer opportunities and hazards to cancer cells and promote the evolution of region-specific cancer cell phenotypes and their corresponding genotypes (Cuny et al. 2000; Wakimoto et al. 2012).
Provided that the observed contrasts in parasitism facilitate adaptive divergence among populations in allopatry (which is the current situation), and promote the evolution of reproductive isolation during episodes of sympatry, parasites might facilitate speciation in this genus.
For example, previous work on P. c. chabaudi in mice revealed that the induction of an immune response which clears parasites preserves positive virulence-transmission relationships [ 45] and promotes the evolution of greater virulence [ 46].
In many contexts, such efforts may leave invader damage intact, impede restoration, threaten natives that depend on nonnatives, risk pest outbreaks, and promote the evolution of resistance to control measures (Table 1).
