In actually, this issue falls squarely in the realm of civil and human rights and not on causation.
Given the apparent connection between propensities and causation adumbrated in Section 3.5, powerful causal modeling techniques by authors such as Spirtes, Glymour and Scheines (1993) and Pearl (2000), and recent work on causation more generally (e.g., Hall 2003, Woodward 2003) should also prove fruitful here.
The findings on all cancers, and specific cancers (particularly colorectal, prostate and breast), raise important questions on causation, and on public health and clinical policies.
A workshop attended by senior researchers from government and academia, and health practitioners and policy professionals identified environmental influences considered important on causation and exacerbation of asthma (previously described, 11 box 1).
The verdict of Lord Lloyd of Berwick that there was a link between military service and Gulf war syndrome, even if the jury was out on causation, and that there should be one-off payments to up to 6,000 troops, was not accepted by the government.
The concepts of entanglement and divine entanglement may offer new perspective on causation and especially the role of the divine in natural causation (Wegter Mcnelly 2011).
For reflections on the metaphysical status of higher-level phenomena and higher-level causes, see Baumgartner 2010; Glennan 2010 a, b; Hoffman-Kolss 2014, as well as the entries on causation and manipulability, physicalism, and scientific reduction.
But he denies that one need impose such a strong requirement on causation and causal explanation.
In the past decades, most researchers and mental health professionals have concentrated much of their time and efforts on people living with MDs with particular interest on causation and symptomatology (17, 18).
In biology, physicochemical explanations are addressed by Tinbergen's questions on causation and ontogeny, which taken together are known as "proximate" causes.
